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NEW QUESTION # 19
You are a tester working on a critical project. Based on the risk analysis you need to decide on the order of test execution. Which of the following lists the correct sequence of test execution? Priority 1 is the highest and Priority 3 is the lowest priority.
Test CasePriorityDependencies
Test A3-
Test B1TestD
TestC2Test A
Test D3*
- A. D-B-A-C
- B. C-B-A-D
- C. D-C- B-A
- D. D-A-B-C
Answer: A
Explanation:
When deciding on the order of test execution based on priorities and dependencies, the correct sequence should consider both the priority levels and any dependencies between test cases. Here's the analysis:
* Test B has the highest priority (1) and depends on Test D.
* Test D should be executed before Test B.
* Test C has a medium priority (2) and depends on Test A.
* Test A can be executed at any time since it has no dependencies.
Considering these dependencies and priorities, Test D should be executed first, followed by Test B. After that, Test A and finally Test C. Therefore, the correct sequence is D-B-A-C.
NEW QUESTION # 20
An agile software development organization has recently hired a senior tester. The organization has distributed teams spread across time zones. They need to share test status with various stakeholders including upper management and customers at a regular interval. Which of the following statements seems to be correct with regards to the communication?
- A. Since the stakeholders include customers frequent informal communication without a specific frequency works better.
- B. Agile nature of the project means very less documentation and hence the status need not be documented and shared in a formal manner
- C. Distributed nature of teams working in various time zones means email communication will work better.
- D. Since the stakeholders include upper management, formal reports delivered face-to-face are critical.
Answer: C
Explanation:
In an agile software development environment with distributed teams, effective communication is crucial.
Given the distributed nature and the time zone differences, asynchronous communication methods such as emails are more practical and effective. They ensure that information can be shared and accessed by team members and stakeholders at their convenience, regardless of time zone differences. Regular email updates also provide a documented trail of communication, which can be reviewed and referred back to as needed.
Formal face-to-face meetings can be challenging to coordinate across time zones and are not as flexible as email communications.
NEW QUESTION # 21
Given some statements about independence of testing
i.Independence is a replacement for familiarity with the code
ii.Independence helps remove the biases produced because of own work
iii.Similar kind of failures can be detected by anyone
iv.Assumptions by different people are different revealing weaknesses Which of the following CORRECTLY represents the benefits?
- A. i and iv
- B. ii and iv
- C. i and iii
- D. iii and iv
Answer: B
Explanation:
Independence in testing provides several benefits. Firstly, it helps remove the biases that might be introduced by the person who developed the code or created the tests (ii). This is because an independent tester can evaluate the software without being influenced by their prior work. Secondly, different people bring different perspectives and assumptions to the testing process, which can help uncover different types of weaknesses (iv).
References:
* ISTQB CTFL Syllabus V4.0, Section 1.5.3 on the benefits of independence in testing, which emphasizes the reduction of bias and the introduction of diverse viewpoints.
NEW QUESTION # 22
A company wants to reward each of its salespeople with an annual bonus that represents the sum of all the bonuses accumulated for every single sale made by that salesperson. The bonus for a single sale can take on the following four values: 3%, 5%, 7% and 10% (the percentage refers to the amount of the single sale).
These values are determined on the basis of the type of customer (classified as "Basic" or "Premium") to which such sale was made, and on the amount of such sale classified into the following three groups G1, G2 and G3:
* [G1]: less than 300 euros
* [G2]: between 300 and 2000 euros
* [G3]: greater than 2000 euros
Which of the following is the minimum number of test cases needed to cover the full decision table associated with this scenario?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
Answer: A
Explanation:
The minimum number of test cases needed to cover the full decision table associated with this scenario is 6.
This is because the decision table has 4 conditions (type of customer and amount of sale) and 4 actions (bonus percentage). The conditions have 2 possible values each (Basic or Premium, and G1, G2 or G3), so the total number of combinations is 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16. However, not all combinations are valid, as some of them are contradictory or impossible. For example, a sale cannot be both less than 300 euros and greater than 2000 euros at the same time. Therefore, we need to eliminate the invalid combinations and keep only the valid ones. The valid combinations are:
Type of customer
Amount of sale
Bonus percentage
Basic
G1
3%
Basic
G2
5%
Basic
G3
7%
Premium
G1
5%
Premium
G2
7%
Premium
G3
10%
These 6 combinations cover all the possible values of the conditions and actions, and they are the minimum number of test cases needed to cover the full decision table.
References: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 sources and documents,
NEW QUESTION # 23
Which of the following statements about static testing and dynamic testing is true?
- A. Static testing is usually much less cost-effective than dynamic testing
- B. Both static testing and dynamic testing can be used to highlight issues associated with non-functional characteristics
- C. Unlike dynamic testing, which focuses on detecting potential defects, static testing focuses on detecting failures which may be due to actual defects
- D. Unlike dynamic testing, which can be also performed manually, static testing cannot be performed without specialized tools
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
This answer is correct because static testing and dynamic testing are both types of testing that can be used to highlight issues associated with non-functional characteristics, such as usability, performance, security, reliability, etc. Static testing is a type of testing that involves the analysis of software work products, such as requirements, design, code, or test cases, without executing them. Dynamic testing is a type of testing that involves the execution of software work products, such as code or test cases, using inputs and verifying outputs. Both static testing and dynamic testing can be applied to different test levels and test types, and can use different test techniques and tools, to evaluate the non-functional characteristics of the software product. References: ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, ISTQB Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Section
2.2.1.1, Section 2.2.1.2
NEW QUESTION # 24
A program is used to control a manufacturing line (turn machines on and off. start and stop conveyer belts, add raw materials to the flow. etc.). Not all actions are possible at all times. For example, there are certain manufacturing stages that cannot be stopped - unless there is an emergency. A tester attempts to evaluate if all such cases (where a specific action is not allowed) are covered by the tests.
Which coverage metric will provide the needed information for this analysis?
- A. Data flow coverage
- B. Code coverage
- C. Branch Coverage
- D. Statement coverage
Answer: C
Explanation:
Branch coverage is a type of structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of branches or decision outcomes that are executed by the test cases. A branch is a point in the code where the control flow can take two or more alternative paths based on a condition. For example, an if-else statement is a branch that can execute either the if-block or the else-block depending on the evaluation of the condition. Branch coverage ensures that each branch is taken at least once by the test cases, and thus reveals the behavior of the software under different scenarios. Branch coverage is also known as decision coverage or all-edges coverage.
Branch coverage is suitable for testing the cases where a specific action is not allowed, because it can verify that the test cases cover all the possible outcomes of the conditions that determine the action. For example, if the program has a condition that checks if the manufacturing stage can be stopped, then branch coverage can ensure that the test cases cover both the cases where the stage can be stopped and where it cannot be stopped.
This way, branch coverage can help identify any missing or incorrect branches that may lead to undesired or unsafe actions.
The other options are not correct because they are not suitable for testing the cases where a specific action is not allowed. Code coverage is a general term that encompasses various types of coverage metrics, such as statement coverage, branch coverage, data flow coverage, etc. Code coverage does not specify which type of coverage metric is used for the analysis. Data flow coverage is a type of structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of data flow paths that are executed by the test cases. A data flow path is a sequence of statements that define, use, or kill a variable. Data flow coverage is useful for testing the correctness and completeness of the data manipulation in the software, but not for testing the conditions that determine the actions. Statement coverage is a type of structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of statements or lines of code that are executed by the test cases. Statement coverage ensures that each statement is executed at least once by the test cases, but it does not reveal the behavior of the software under different scenarios.
Statement coverage is a weaker criterion than branch coverage, because it does not account for the branches or decision outcomes in the code. References = ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 syllabus, Chapter 4: Test Techniques, Section 4.3: Structural Testing Techniques, Pages 51-54.
NEW QUESTION # 25
A software company decides to invest in reviews of various types. The thought process they have is that each artifact needs to be reviewed using only one of the review methods depending on the criticality of the artifact.
- A. The thought process is incorrect. The whole company should adopt same standard for review of all artifacts.
- B. The thought process is correct. The whole company should decide or the review method based on their CMM level.
- C. The thought process is correct. It wastes time to review same artifact using efferent review methods
- D. The thought process is incorrect. Same artifact can be reviewed using different review methods
Answer: D
Explanation:
The thought process of the software company is incorrect, because it assumes that each artifact can be reviewed using only one review method, and that the review method depends solely on the criticality of the artifact. This is a simplistic and rigid approach that does not consider the benefits and limitations of different review methods, the context and purpose of the review, and the feedback and improvement opportunities that can be gained from multiple reviews. According to the CTFL 4.0 Syllabus, the selection of review methods should be based on several factors, such as the type and level of detail of the artifact, the availability and competence of the reviewers, the time and budget constraints, the expected defects and risks, and the desired outcomes and quality criteria. Moreover, the same artifact can be reviewed using different review methods at different stages of the development lifecycle, to ensure that the artifact meets the changing requirements, standards, and expectations of the stakeholders. For example, a requirement specification can be reviewed using an informal review method, such as a walkthrough, to get an initial feedback from the users and developers, and then using a formal review method, such as an inspection, to verify the completeness, correctness, and consistency of the specification. Therefore, the software company should adopt a more flexible and context-sensitive approach to selecting and applying review methods for different artifacts, rather than following a fixed and arbitrary rule. References = CTFL 4.0 Syllabus, Section 3.2.1, page 31-32; Section
3.2.2, page 33-34; Section 3.2.3, page 35-36.
NEW QUESTION # 26
You are working on creating test cases for a user story -
As a customer, I want to be able to book an ISTQB exam for a particular date, so that I can find choose my time slot and pay the correct amount, including discounts, if any.
The acceptance criteria for this :
1.The dates shown should be from the current date to 2 years in future
2.Initially there should be 10 timeslots available for each day, 1 hour each, starting at 8 AM GMT
3.Maximum 5 persons should be able to select a time slot after which that time slot should become unavailable
4.First timeslot should have a 10% discount.
Which of the following is the BEST example of a test case for this user story?
- A. Logon to the site. Book 5 exams for the current date. Expected result: Exams should be booked. Book
6th timeslot for the same date. Expected result: The exam should be booked but no discount should be given. - B. Logon to the site. Expected result: Default 8 AM (GMT) timeslot should be selected. Change the time to any other timeslot. Expected result: New slot should be booked
- C. Logon to the site and book an exam for the 8 AM (GMT) timeslot. Expected result: You should get 10% discounted price. Change the time to any other timeslot. Expected result: Discount should be removed
- D. Logon to the site. Book an exam for the current date. Expected result: timeslots should be shown.Change the time to any other date prior to the selected date. Expected result: New slot should become visible.
Answer: C
Explanation:
The best example of a test case for this user story should cover the acceptance criteria comprehensively.
Option A addresses the critical aspects of the acceptance criteria:
* Verifying the discount for the first timeslot (8 AM GMT) - ensuring it provides a 10% discount.
* Verifying that changing the time slot removes the discount - ensuring the discount logic is correctly applied.
This test case effectively validates the functionality related to both the discount and the ability to change time slots, which are key parts of the user story's requirements.
NEW QUESTION # 27
Which ONE of the following statements does NOT describe how testing contributes to higher quality?
- A. Software testing identifies defects, which can be used to improve development activities.
- B. Properly designed tests that pass reduce the level of risk in a system.
- C. The testing of software demonstrates the absence of defects.
- D. Performing a review of the requirement specifications before implementing the system can enhance quality.
Answer: C
Explanation:
* The testing of software does not demonstrate the absence of defects, but rather the presence of defects or the conformance of the software to the specified requirements1. Testing can never prove that the software is defect-free, as it is impossible to test all possible scenarios, inputs, outputs, and behaviors of the software2. Testing can only provide a level of confidence in the quality of the software, based on the coverage, effectiveness, and efficiency of the testing activities3.
* The other options are correct because:
* A. Properly designed tests that pass reduce the level of risk in a system, as they verify that the system meets the expected quality attributes and satisfies the needs and expectations of the users and clients4. Risk is the potential for loss or harm due to the occurrence of an undesirable event5. Testing can help to identify, analyze, prioritize, and mitigate the risks associated with the software product and project6.
* C. Software testing identifies defects, which can be used to improve development activities, as they provide feedback on the quality of the software and the effectiveness of the development processes7. Defects are flaws or errors in the software that cause it to deviate from the expected or required results or behavior. Testing can help to detect, report, track, and resolve the defects, and prevent them from recurring in the future.
* D. Performing a review of the requirement specifications before implementing the system can enhance quality, as it can ensure that the requirements are clear, complete, consistent, testable, and aligned with the needs and expectations of the users and clients. Requirements are the specifications of what the software should do and how it should do it. Testing can help to validate that the requirements are met by the software, and verify that the software is implemented according to the requirements.
References =
* 1 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 10
* 2 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 11
* 3 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 12
* 4 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 13
* 5 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 97
* 6 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 98
* 7 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 14
* [8] ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 15
* [9] ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 16
* [10] ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 17
* [11] ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 18
* [12] ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 19
NEW QUESTION # 28
A test status report should:
- A. be produced as part of test completion activities and report unmitigated product risks to support the decision whether or not to release the product
- B. always be based on the same template within an organization, as its structure and contents should not be affected by the audience to which the report is presented
- C. specify the lines of communication between testing, other lifecycle activities, and within the organization that were chosen at the outset of the test project
- D. specify the impediments to carrying out the planned test activities in the reporting period and the corresponding solutions put in place to remove them
Answer: D
Explanation:
A test status report communicates the current status, progress, and issues encountered during testing to stakeholders. It is crucial for effective test management and decision-making.
* Option A: Correct as it involves reporting impediments and solutions, which are essential for ongoing
* test activities.
* Option B: Incorrect because test status reports are not limited to test completion activities and focus more on ongoing test status rather than final unmitigated risks.
* Option C: Incorrect as the structure and contents of reports should be tailored to the audience's needs to ensure effective communication.
* Option D: Incorrect because specifying communication lines is typically done in the test plan, not the status report.
Thus, option A best describes a key aspect of a test status report.
NEW QUESTION # 29
A virtual service emulating a real third-party service and the automated test scripts (aimed at testing the system under test) that interact with that service, are test work products that are typically created during:
- A. Test analysis
- B. Test implementation
- C. Test monitoring and control
- D. Test design
Answer: B
Explanation:
This answer is correct because test implementation is the activity where test work products, such as test cases, test data, test scripts, test harnesses, test stubs, or virtual services, are created and verified. Test implementation also involves setting up the test environment and preparing the test execution schedule. A virtual service emulating a real third-party service and the automated test scripts that interact with that service are examples of test work products that are typically created during test implementation. References: ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, ISTQB Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Section 2.2.2.3
NEW QUESTION # 30
Which of the following is a test task that usually occurs during test implementation?
- A. Make sure the planned test environment is ready to be delivered
- B. Gather the metrics that are used to guide the test project
- C. Find, analyze, and remove the causes of the failures highlighted by the tests
- D. Archive the testware for use in future test projects
Answer: A
Explanation:
A test task that usually occurs during test implementation is to make sure the planned test environment is ready to be delivered. The test environment is the hardware and software configuration on which the tests are executed, and it should be as close as possible to the production environment where the software system will operate. The test environment should be planned, prepared, and verified before the test execution, to ensure that the test conditions, the test data, the test tools, and the test interfaces are available and functional. The other options are not test tasks that usually occur during test implementation, but rather test tasks that occur during other test activities, such as:
* Find, analyze, and remove the causes of the failures highlighted by the tests: This is a test task that usually occurs during test analysis and design, which is the activity of analyzing the test basis, designing the test cases, and identifying the test data. During this activity, the testers can use techniques such as root cause analysis, defect prevention, or defect analysis, to find, analyze, and remove the causes of the failures highlighted by the previous tests, and to prevent or reduce the occurrence of similar failures in the future tests.
* Archive the testware for use in future test projects: This is a test task that usually occurs during test closure, which is the activity of finalizing and reporting the test results, evaluating the test process, and identifying the test improvement actions. During this activity, the testers can archive the testware, which are the test artifacts produced during the testing process, such as the test plan, the test cases, the test data, the test results, the defect reports, etc., for use in future test projects, such as regression testing, maintenance testing, or reuse testing.
* Gather the metrics that are used to guide the test project: This is a test task that usually occurs during test monitoring and control, which is the activity of tracking and reviewing the test progress, status, and quality, and taking corrective actions when necessary. During this activity, the testers can gather the metrics, which are the measurements of the testing process, such as the test coverage, the defect density, the test effort, the test duration, etc., that are used to guide the test project, such as planning, estimating, scheduling, reporting, or improving the testing process. References: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 sources and documents:
* ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.1.1, Test Planning1
* ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.1.2, Test Monitoring and Control1
* ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.1.3, Test Analysis and Design1
* ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.1.4, Test Implementation1
* ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.1.5, Test Execution1
* ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.1.6, Test Closure1
* ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, Test Environment, Test Condition, Test Data, Test Tool, Test Interface, Failure, Root Cause Analysis, Defect Prevention, Defect Analysis, Testware, Regression Testing, Maintenance Testing, Reuse Testing, Test Coverage, Defect Density, Test Effort, Test Duration2
NEW QUESTION # 31
The following decision table is used to assist a doctor in determining the drug therapy to prescribe for a patient (aged 6 to 65 years) diagnosed with acute sinusitis. The table consists of three Boolean conditions and six actions:
Based only on the given information, which of the following statements is true?
- A. Columns 2, 4. 6 and 8 can be merged into a single column
- B. Columns 5 and 7 can be merged into a single column
- C. Columns 1 and 3 can be merged into a single column
- D. Column 7 represents an impossible situation and thus can be deleted
Answer: D
Explanation:
In the given decision table, Column 7 represents the following conditions and actions:
* The patient is over 18 years old: True
* The patient is allergic to Penicillin: True
* The patient is taking anticoagulant therapy: True
When analyzing this column:
* If the patient is over 18 years old, allergic to Penicillin, and taking anticoagulant therapy, the decision table suggests consultation with a hematologist and prescribing half of the full recommended dosage for
10 days.
This column does not represent an impossible situation based on the conditions provided. However, upon deeper inspection and understanding of medical practices, it can be argued that such a specific combination of conditions could be highly unlikely, making it appear unnecessary or an edge case that might be considered for deletion.
Given the constraints of the conditions and the requirements of the decision table, the provided answer needs to be verified against real-world medical guidelines to confirm if this scenario is indeed impossible or just
NEW QUESTION # 32
A typical generic skill required for the role of tester is the ability to:
- A. determine the corrective actions to get a test project on track in case of deviations from the test plan
- B. take on the role of developer to meet challenging project deadlines
- C. use tools to make the execution of repetitive testing tasks more efficient
- D. assume leadership aimed at imposing decisions on the rest of the team
Answer: C
Explanation:
One of the generic skills required for the role of a tester is the ability to use tools to make the execution of repetitive testing tasks more efficient. This includes using various test automation tools to streamline the testing process, reduce manual effort, and improve the consistency and accuracy of test results. Testers should be proficient in leveraging these tools to enhance productivity and ensure comprehensive test coverage.
References:
* ISTQB CTFL Syllabus 4.0, Chapter 1.5.1, page 20: General Skills Required for Testing
NEW QUESTION # 33
Consider the following simplified version of a state transition diagram that specifies the behavior of a video poker game:
What Is the minimum number of test cases needed to cover every unique sequence of up to 3 states/2 transitions starting In the "Start" state and ending In the "End" state?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
Answer: A
Explanation:
The minimum number of test cases needed to cover every unique sequence of up to 3 states/2 transitions starting in the "Start" state and ending in the "End" state is 4. This is because there are 4 unique sequences of up to 3 states/2 transitions starting in the "Start" state and ending in the "End" state:
Start -> Bet -> End
Start -> Deal -> End
Start -> 1st Deal -> End
Start -> 2nd Deal -> End Reference: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 sources and documents.
NEW QUESTION # 34
A requirement specifies that if the total amount of sales (TAS) made during the year by a corporate seller is
300000€ or more, the bonus that must be paid to the seller is 100% of a certain amount agreed upon at the beginning of the year. The software contains a fault as it implements this requirement with the decision "IF (TAS = 300000)" instead of "IF (TAS >= 300000)". The application of the 3-value boundary value analysis to this problem consists of the following three test cases (TAS is an integer variable):
TC1 = 299999 TC2=300000 TC3=300001
Which of the following statements is true?
- A. TC1 would highlight the fault
- B. None of the three test cases would highlight the fault
- C. TC3 would highlight the fault
- D. TC2 would highlight the fault
Answer: C
Explanation:
The problem described involves a software implementation error in a decision statement for calculating a bonus based on the Total Amount of Sales (TAS). The requirement states that if TAS is 300,000 or more, a bonus should be paid. However, the software incorrectly implements this with "IF (TAS = 300000)" instead of "IF (TAS >= 300000)".
Applying Boundary Value Analysis (BVA) to this situation involves selecting test cases at the boundaries of the input domain, including just below, at, and just above the boundary conditions.
* Test Case TC1 = 299999:
* This value is just below the boundary (300,000).
* Expected Result: No bonus should be paid.
* Actual Result: No bonus paid.
* TC1does not highlight the fault because the implemented condition "IF (TAS = 300000)" and the correct condition "IF (TAS >= 300000)" both yield the same result (no bonus).
* Test Case TC2 = 300000:
* This value is exactly at the boundary.
* Expected Result: Bonus should be paid.
* Actual Result: Bonus paid.
* TC2does not highlight the fault because the implemented condition "IF (TAS = 300000)" and the correct condition "IF (TAS >= 300000)" both yield the same result (bonus paid).
* Test Case TC3 = 300001:
* This value is just above the boundary.
* Expected Result: Bonus should be paid.
* Actual Result: No bonus paid due to the incorrect implementation.
* TC3highlights the fault because the implemented condition "IF (TAS = 300000)" fails to pay the bonus, whereas the correct condition "IF (TAS >= 300000)" would pay the bonus.
* BVA focuses on the edges of input ranges where errors are more likely.
* The critical values are just below, at, and just above the boundary.
Boundary Value Analysis (BVA):Verification:According to the ISTQB CTFL syllabus, BVA is an essential technique for identifying potential errors at the boundaries of input ranges. This is because developers are more likely to make mistakes at these extremes.
Therefore,TC3 (300001)is the test case that would highlight the fault in the software's implementation of the decision condition.
NEW QUESTION # 35
During component testing of a program if 100% decision coverage is achieved, which of the following coverage criteria is also guaranteed to be 100%?
- A. 100% Boundary value coverage
- B. 100% Statement coverage
- C. 100% Stale transition coverage
- D. 100% Equivalence class coverage
Answer: B
Explanation:
Statement coverage is a structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of executable statements in the source code that are executed by a test suite1. Decision coverage is another structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of decision outcomes (such as branches or conditions) in the source code that are executed by a test suite1. Decision coverage is a stronger metric than statement coverage, because it requires that every possible outcome of each decision is tested, while statement coverage only requires that every statement is executed at least once2. Therefore, if a test suite achieves 100% decision coverage, it also implies that it achieves 100% statement coverage, because every statement in every branch or condition must have been executed. However, the converse is not true: 100% statement coverage does not guarantee 100% decision coverage, because some branches or conditions may have multiple outcomes that are not tested by the test suite2. For example, consider the following pseudocode:
if (x > 0) then print("Positive") else print("Non-positive") end if
A test suite that executes this code with x = 1 and x = -1 will achieve 100% statement coverage, because both print statements are executed. However, it will not achieve 100% decision coverage, because the condition x > 0 has only been tested with two outcomes: true and false. The third possible outcome, x = 0, has not been tested by the test suite. Therefore, the test suite may miss a potential bug or error in the condition or the branch.
The other options, such as stale transition coverage, equivalence class coverage, and boundary value coverage, are not guaranteed to be 100% by achieving 100% decision coverage. Stale transition coverage is a structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of transitions between states in a state machine that are executed by a test suite3. Equivalence class coverage is a functional coverage metric that measures the percentage of equivalence classes (or partitions) of input or output values that are tested by a test suite4. Boundary value coverage is another functional coverage metric that measures the percentage of boundary values (or extreme values) of input or output ranges that are tested by a test suite4. These metrics are independent of decision coverage, because they are based on different aspects of the system under test, such as its behavior, functionality, or specification. Therefore, achieving 100% decision coverage does not imply achieving 100% of any of these metrics, and vice versa. Reference = ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Test Coverage in Software Testing - Guru99, Structural Coverage Metrics - MATLAB & Simulink - MathWorks India, Test Design Coverage in Software Testing - GeeksforGeeks.
NEW QUESTION # 36
Which of the following statements describes regression testing?
I) Retesting of a fixed defect
II) Testing of an already tested program
III) Testing of new functionality in a program
IV) Regression testing applies only to functional testing
V) Tests that do not nave to be repeatable, because They are only used once
- A. II, IV, V
- B. I, IV
- C. I, III, IV
- D. II
Answer: D
Explanation:
Regression testing is the re-running of functional and non-functional tests to ensure that previously developed and tested software still performs as expected after a change1 It does not involve retesting of a fixed defect, testing of new functionality, or applying only to functional testing. Tests that are used for regression testing should be repeatable, because they are used to verify the stability of the software after each change2 Reference = ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 Syllabus, Chapter 4, Section 4.2.2, Page 291; ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, Page 292
NEW QUESTION # 37
In which of the following test documents would you expect to find test exit criteria described9
- A. Test plan
- B. Project plan
- C. Test design specification
- D. Requirements specification
Answer: A
Explanation:
Test exit criteria are the conditions that must be fulfilled before concluding a particular testing phase. These criteria act as a checkpoint to assess whether we have achieved the testing objectives and are done with testing1. Test exit criteria are typically defined in the test plan document, which is one of the outputs of the test planning phase. The test plan document describes the scope, approach, resources, and schedule of the testing activities. It also identifies the test items, the features to be tested, the testing tasks, the risks, and the test deliverables2. According to the ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, the test plan document should include the following information related to the test exit criteria3:
The criteria for evaluating test completion, such as the percentage of test cases executed, the percentage of test coverage achieved, the number and severity of defects found and fixed, the quality and reliability of the software product, and the stakeholder satisfaction.
The criteria for evaluating test process improvement, such as the adherence to the test strategy, the efficiency and effectiveness of the testing activities, the lessons learned and best practices identified, and the recommendations for future improvements.
Therefore, the test plan document is the most appropriate test document to find the test exit criteria described. The other options, such as test design specification, project plan, and requirements specification, are not directly related to the test exit criteria. The test design specification describes the test cases and test procedures for a specific test level or test type3. The project plan describes the overall objectives, scope, assumptions, risks, and deliverables of the software project4. The requirements specification describes the functional and non-functional requirements of the software product5. None of these documents specify the conditions for ending the testing process or evaluating the testing outcomes. Reference = ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Entry and Exit Criteria in Software Testing | Baeldung on Computer Science, Entry And Exit Criteria In Software Testing - Rishabh Software, Entry and Exit Criteria in Software Testing Life Cycle - STLC [2022 Updated] - Testsigma Blog, ISTQB® releases Certified Tester Foundation Level v4.0 (CTFL).
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